How does Scout develop and mature as the novel progresses? Essay

How does pathfinder develop and mature as the novel progresses?genus Atticus says, usher , youre not old enough to understand some things yetScout Finch, who is a six-year-old girl at the beginning of the novelTo Kill a Mocking Bird, is nine by the end of it. The novel, writtenby Harper Lee, is written in a very adult style because Scout is narrate memories of her childhood in Maycomb County, Southernaluminum. Scout is a very lively, intelligent girl but has a hottemper, which gets her into a lot of trouble with the adults. contrarythe typical late nineteenth century American female stereotype, of awoman staying home sitting on the porch while the man of the housegoes and earns the money, Scout enjoys taking part in boyishactivities with her older brother, Jem, but when she starts school,she does not just take part in the curricular activities, but alsobegins to look at about life and the way her society works. There aremany events in the story that contribute to Scouts knowledg eexperiences, such as fights with Walter Cunningham, reading to MrsDubose, divergence to church with Calpurnia, the outcome of the TomRobinson trial, and meeting social outcasts like Boo Radley andDolphus Raymond.The story is set in the 1930s, where there is racial segregation inAlabama as a result of the American Civil War and the economy iscorrupt due to the Wall Street crash (this was known as the enceinteDepression). At the time that the book was written, in the 1960s, menlike Martin Luther King and Malcolm X were fighting in the CivilRights Movement for racial equality in the United States. All of thesefactors affect the main themes of the novel and the events that occurwithin it.Pride is an important aspect o... ...ause they could not explain him, they fearedhim. This is similar to the situation Scout found herself in withDolphus Raymond. He was a white man who married a black woman andfathered mixed race children. This was deemed unacceptable behaviourby Maycomb standards and therefore Dolphus pretended to be a drunk. Inthat way the people of Maycomb had an excuse for him marrying a blackwoman. Scout only realises why he pretends to be drunk when she findsout that he just sips Coca-Cola all day. She then starts to feel somesympathy for the people who are victims of racial and socialprejudice.After learning about Boo Radley and Dolphus Raymond, Scout learns notto believe everything she hears.All of these factors have, in their own way, influenced thedevelopment of Scouts ethics and have shown how they affect her,along with how she reacts to them.

The Andromeda Strain: A Critical Analysis Essay -- English Literature:

The Andromeda Strain A Critical AnalysisIn 1969 Michael Crichton wrote The Andromeda Strain, a book that wouldforever expand the limits of a science fiction novel. Although writtenin 1969, it deals with very current issues facing the modern dayboilogical and even policy-making realm. Technically a science fictionnovel, the meticulously crafted spell is so intertwined with actualscience and technology that some have catagorized it as sciencefact. It is this naturalistic overtone that gives the impression thatperhaps, someday, events in the book could actually take place.Plot SynopsisThe book opens up with a fictional page of acknowledg workforcets statingThis book recounts the five-day archives of a major Americanscientific crisis. From this opening sentence, the author immediatelysets the tone as one of historical narration of events that actuallytook place. It is supposed to be a retelling of a scientific tradgedywith monumental implications. From here, the story the author relat esbegins.Five years earlier the United States government initiated a programcalled Project Scoop. The projects usance was to send unmanned spacecapsules into the earths outer atmosphere to collect samples andexamine them. The hope was that undiscovered biological agents couldbe found for potential use as biological weapons of war. Overall, theScoop program had been somewhat of a dissapointment until the seventhlaunch. It reentered the earths atmosphere over small town inArizona, where a team of two men were sent to retrieve it. Uponentering the town they found no signs of life and suddenly andunexplicably died themselves. This occurence set in motion somethingthe government had secretly planned for ca... ...ploy would be to grow anumber of microorganisms that would grow uninhibited in the vastnessof space. The alien race would send them out in random directionswhere they would drift eternally until finally reaching other life.Once reaching their destination, they would develop in to full organ,or organism capable of communication. They would inform the other raceof the presence of the other, and affirmable ways to communicate back.This seemed amusing to the more practical scientists, but it had to beconsidered a possibility with Andromeda.Overall, The Andromeda Strains extremely technical subject matter do it challenging to read, but informative on a level usually nottouched on by other science fiction novels. The plot itself as well asthe concepts conveyed in this book make it relevent to the modernbiologic world, even over 30 years later.

Digging Essay -- Literary Analysis, Seamus Heaney

Digging Digging by Seamus Heaney is the first poem in the first full volume of Heaneys poems, dying of a Naturalist. Death of a Naturalist is about the transition into adulthood and the loss of innocence. The poem shows how Heaney looked up to his father and grandfather, especially their hard work. take down though Heaney did not follow in their footsteps and become a farm laborer, he respects the work they do, especially their skill at pokingging.The poem is a free verse poem. It has eight stanzas with two couplets. It rhymes occasionally, unless it does not have a patterned rhyme. The first two lines rhyme with thumb and gun, the bet on stanza also has some rhyming words. The poem is a first person narrative this is evident from the first line that uptakes the word my and other lines throughout that use words such as I and we. The title relates to the poem because all three generations mentioned are digging. His father dug potato drills and flowerbeds, his grand pa used to dig peat, and he is digging up the past. Because of this, the title is very fitting. Throughout the poem Seamus Heaney uses shifts in the tense to convey his memories as well as his determination for the prospective. It starts attain in present tense as he sees his father struggling with the flowerbed. The poem then shifts to past in order to recall his grandfathers work digging peat and his fathers stronger days digging potato drills. The poem returns to present tense during the last two stanzas. The final line is future tense in order to show that Seamus understands that his work is writing. The first stanza of the poem says the pen in his hand fits snug as a gun (line 2. The sec stanza is Heaney looking down from is window to s... ... as they fill the bucket. Another shift occurs in the second stanza when the speaker says they hoarded the fresh berries in the byre (line 17). Byre means a shed, but it can also be a support for a casket or corpse. This foreshadows wh at is to come. The berries begin to spoil because more were picked than could be eaten in time. The rat-grey fungus, glutting on our pile up (line 19) got to them. The berries would have lasted longer if they had been left on the bush, but desire and greed overwhelmed the speaker when picking the luscious berries. Because he lost the berries due to rotting, the speaker says, I always felt like crying. It wasnt fair / That all the lovely canfuls smelt of rot. / Each year I hoped theyd keep, knew they would not (lines 22-24). The speaker collects berries all(prenominal) year, more berries than needed, and he always sees them go bad.

What’s in a Name? :: essays papers

Whats in a Name?I have always been very olympian of everything that I have accomplished in my life. I am proud of one thing more than anything else my heritage. Ever since I was a child I was told all about my grandparents and their trek from Denmark to the United States. I was curious what their homeland was like, besides it never seemed to be a topic of discussion. My grandmother boasted the Danish pivot in her home, and displayed little trinkets that said velkomen on them. My knowledge was limited to these few things I saw when I was a child. Since both of my grandparents had passed away, I started my research by picking up the phone and calling my father.My father, Larry Jensen, didnt know very much about Denmark either. He knew a few names from his family and their birth dates, so I started from there. I hit the internet with my newly obtained knowledge and I searched for anything that could link me to my past. I did not find anything about any of my specific relati ves, but I learned about how and why I got my pull through name. Apparently, Danish people did not have last names until the late 19th deoxycytidine monophosphate when new laws were introduced forcing them to take on a surname. The common people of Denmark didnt use family names to identify themselves. Before it was required to have a last name, people used patronymics, meaning they took on their fathers first name with an ending to make their last name. It was also common for people in a town that was large to use their occupation or place of residence as a last name. Many of the girls would get the fathers first name with datter or dotter attached to it (meaning daughter of.) The boys would get their fathers first name with sen or son attached to it (meaning son of.) In Denmark, datter and dotter meant the same thing, just as sen, and son were the same thing (Origins of Danish Names). The name Jensen, meaning son of Jens, has many different spellings. The Dutch forms of Jensen are Jans, Johansen, Janse, Jansen, Janssen, Hoensen and Janzen. The reference of all of these names comes from the stem or the variation of a stem, which is Jan.

Censorship in Literature and Music Essay -- Censoring Laws Essays

Censorship in Literature and MusicWhat is security review? An encyclopedia defines censorship as the control of what people may say or hear, write or read, or see or do1. There are many reasons why people censor entertainment such as writings and music. Many g all overnments or groups try to preserve their standards of morality by preventing people from learning about or being other standards2, commonly found in the two previously mentioned mediums. There are different ways to censor things. It can be on a local level, such as libraries refusing to swing a controversial book. It can also be on an entirely larger scale. In the 1770s, French author Beaumarchais had two of his plays, The Barber of Seville and The Marriage of Figaro, proscribed by King Louis XVI.2 Back then, these plays were considered outrageous and sometimes blasphemous. To fully understand how our system of censorship works today, we have to look into history to see how censorship got started. Johann Gutenberg in vented the moveable type printing press and published his first bible sometime around 1450. By 1500, an estimated 20 million books were circulating throughout Europe. The Churchs monopoly over the written word was destroyed. Responding to this new technology of freedom, the Church developed a number of control mechanisms. The most obvious, and perhaps famous of these was the indicant librorum prohibitum (Index of Prohibited Books). The Index listed hundreds of banned authors and books.3 Less famous than the Index but absolutely central to the rise of censorship, was Church and organization use of exclusive printing privileges, which granted favour printers a monopoly right to publish books so long as they were approved by official censors4. In Italy, censorship was primarily a response to the string out of printed Protestant propaganda.5 On October 31, 1517, the Day of all Saints, Martin Luther posted his 95 statements, of theses, to the doors of a church. This was revolutionary , because nobody ever successfully questioned the Churchs authority. Soon after that, others began to follow his example. Eventually, the Church lost power over peoples daily lives. Their local and national government took its place as the authority leader. As the governments grew, it eventually started monitoring what the public could be exposed to. This included music and books. Eventually, in the 20th c... ...Bibliography Webpage Hunter, Christopher D.. Copyright and Culture 03 Dec. 2002 An Interview with Alex Domokos Dowse 03 Dec. 2002 http//www.dowse.com/interview-alex-domokos.html Nuzum, Eric. A Brief History of Banned Music in the United States 03 Dec. 2002 http//ericnuzum.com/banned/ Controversial Music The Beat Goes On 03 Dec. 2002 http//teenmusic.about.com/library/weekly/aa022301a.htm The 100 around Frequently Challenged Books of 1990-2000 American Library Association. 03 Dec. 2002 http//www.ala.org/bbooks/top100bannedbooks.html Blume, Judy. Judy Blume Talks about Censor ship 09 Dec. 2002 http//www.judyblume.com/censors.html Censorship in the Renaissance 13 Dec. 2002 http//130.238.50.3/ilmh/Ren/bokt-censor.htm Constitutional Amendments 1-10 The Bill of Rights 02 Jan. 2003 http//www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/charters_of_freedom/bill_of_rights/amendments_1-10.html Anne, Rapin. Beaumarchais 31 Jan. 2003 Books Marsh, Dave. 50 ways to Fight Censorship & Important Facts to Know About the Censors. New York, NY Thunders Mouth Press, 1991. Encyclopedia Censorship. The World Book Encyclopedia. 1989 ed.

Censorship in Literature and Music Essay -- Censoring Laws Essays

Censorship in Literature and MusicWhat is banishship? An encyclopedia defines censoring as the constraint of what people may say or hear, write or read, or see or do1. There are many reasons why people censor entertainment such as literature and music. Many governments or groups try to preserve their standards of morality by preventing people from learning about or pursuit other standards2, commonly found in the two previously mentioned mediums. There are different ways to censor things. It can be on a local level, such as libraries refusing to carry a controversial book. It can also be on an entirely larger scale. In the 1770s, French power Beaumarchais had two of his plays, The Barber of Seville and The Marriage of Figaro, banned by King Louis XVI.2 Back then, these plays were considered outrageous and sometimes blasphemous. To fully understand how our system of censorship works today, we comport to look into history to see how censorship got started. Johann Gutenberg invente d the moveable type printing press and published his first bible sometime around 1450. By 1500, an estimated 20 million books were circulating throughout Europe. The performs monopoly over the written word was destroyed. Responding to this new technology of freedom, the Church developed a number of control mechanisms. The most obvious, and perhaps famous of these was the Index librorum prohibitum (Index of Prohibited Books). The Index listed hundreds of banned authors and books.3 Less famous than the Index but absolutely central to the rise of censorship, was Church and government work of exclusive printing privileges, which granted favored printers a monopoly right to publish books so long as they were approved by official censors4. In Italy, censorship was primarily a response to the spread of printed Protestant propaganda.5 On October 31, 1517, the Day of all Saints, Martin Luther posted his 95 statements, of theses, to the doors of a church. This was revolutionary, because no body ever successfully questioned the Churchs authority. Soon after that, others began to follow his example. Eventually, the Church lost power over peoples daily lives. Their local and national government took its part as the authority leader. As the governments grew, it eventually started monitoring what the public could be exposed to. This included music and books. Eventually, in the 20th c... ...Bibliography Webpage Hunter, Christopher D.. right of first publication and Culture 03 Dec. 2002 An Interview with Alex Domokos Dowse 03 Dec. 2002 http//www.dowse.com/interview-alex-domokos.html Nuzum, Eric. A Brief History of Banned Music in the United States 03 Dec. 2002 http//ericnuzum.com/banned/ Controversial Music The Beat Goes On 03 Dec. 2002 http//teenmusic.about.com/library/weekly/aa022301a.htm The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990-2000 American Library Association. 03 Dec. 2002 http//www.ala.org/bbooks/top100bannedbooks.html Blume, Judy. Judy Blume Talks about Cens orship 09 Dec. 2002 http//www.judyblume.com/censors.html Censorship in the Renaissance 13 Dec. 2002 http//130.238.50.3/ilmh/Ren/bokt-censor.htm entire Amendments 1-10 The Bill of Rights 02 Jan. 2003 http//www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/charters_of_freedom/bill_of_rights/amendments_1-10.html Anne, Rapin. Beaumarchais 31 Jan. 2003 Books Marsh, Dave. 50 Ways to Fight Censorship & Important Facts to Know About the Censors. New York, NY Thunders Mouth Press, 1991. Encyclopedia Censorship. The World Book Encyclopedia. 1989 ed.

News paper reading

The first article (July 4) is about the growing dangers of Kuwait work trucks that travel on roads while being bad overloaded with logs, iron rods, furniture, and water. There are several reasons why these vehicles have become veritable road hazards responsible for numerous accidents. Reckless driving was cited as one of the highest gain of road accidents involving these trucks. Some citizens attested to instances showing drivers utter lack of consideration for pedestrians even to those who have physical disabilities. One man rec totallyed an ensuant involving his cousin who was a cripple, who died after being run over by a lumber truck. Others cite poor vehicle conditions as another original cause of accidents.One British expatriate living in Kuwait narrated how water tankers usually have bad brakes and how being overburdened with water makes it much difficult for truckers to maneuver. He also narrated about one instance of recklessness wherein the truck driver suddenly cut in front of him, almost cleanup spot him was he not able to step on his brakes. Another hazard was trucks with loose fastenings of furniture or iron bars. Such objects fall from the truck and cause trouble for motorists behind the truck.The articles reporter discussed an incident about how he himself experienced one such incident. Safety measures taken to prevent hazards from vehicles on the road are vague. There are certain periods of time where the law prohibits trucks from driving internal the city but such laws are often go against by truckers and Kuwaits local police seem to be inadequate in preventing such violations.This issue is clearly a violation of bind 3 of the Declaration of Human rights which seeks to protect the life, liberty and protection of all persons. The truckers lack of discretion with regards to the pedestrians that they interact with constitutes an utter disregard to Article 3 which should be addressed by the Kuwait governance, especially since the usual victims of such accidents are those who are disabled.The guerrilla article (July 5) is about how the Kuwait Parliament gives ardent direction to the needs of disabled individuals. The Parliament has released an order calling on state agencies to provide specialized services to people with special needs. Kuwait National aggregation member Saad al-Sharia discussed in the 4th Arab Parliamentary Symposium on Disabled Persons Disabilities how due attention should be provided to people with special needs especially in the sight of integrating such people into society as productive individuals. The Parliament member gave tension on investing in the use of homophile resources in nation building and service.This move by the sevens is in respect of human rights. The parliament hopes to incarnate the deeper meaning of humanity and humanitarian causes towards the development of its civilization. Specifically, parliament aims to create specialized educational institutions to address the n eeds of special children who are not able to learn through conventional means. Parliament aims to establish more centers for rehabilitation research. It also aims to modernize such institutions that currently exist. The project will also create clinics and entertainment utilities that can cover people of all ages and of all physical, mental and psychological disabilities.The third article (July 6) reports the strengthening of the Kuwaiti resolve to provide better governmental services. It discusses how the state is funneling ample finances and gathering upstanding human resources to raise public awareness of special needs in its continuing advocacy for human rights. In an interview with Secretary of the Arab Parliamentary meet of the National Assembly Jamal Al-Kandari, it was revealed that Kuwait has already mapped out specific plans for disabled individuals to be properly integrated into the society and assume fictional characters that will be both productive and fulfilling.In the ongoing symposia for disabled individuals, legislation for the protection of the human rights of disabled individuals was also put into focus. Much emphasis was given on the current dangers that present disabled individuals in different parts of Kuwait. Dr. al-Shurayes lecture, he discussed that as these people are not as mobile as normal individuals, they are more prone to becoming victims of accidents especially on the road. It was concluded by the article that the Kuwaiti delegation will arrive at several utilizable recommendations to serve the interests of handicapped individuals in Kuwait.The 4th article (July 7) narrates how the Farwaniya Hospital in coordination with Kuwaits Ministry of Interior has made the announcement of building a security kiosk at the entrance of the hospital. The move was made after several alarming actions taken by several individuals that threatened to harm both patients and doctors indoors the facility. Several weeks prior to the announcemen t, it was reported that the hospital received an anonymous terrorist threat due to some of the relatives of the patients who were unhappy with hospitalmanagement. Other instances involved violence perpetrated by relatives of patients who died while inside hospital care.The relatives of the deceased patients felt that the doctors were responsible for their relatives deaths and took matters into their own hands. Although no incident of serious injury has yet to be recorded inside hospital premises, hospital officials nonetheless became touch on with preempting any such possibilities from actually occurring. This prompted hospital officials to set up meetings to solve growing problems in securing hospital premises. It was brought up that the lack of means for proper visitor identification is the biggest risk that the hospital has of intrusion. This led to the forwarding of the idea of setting up a security kiosk that would be able to properly identify individuals visiting patients ins ide the hospital so as to secure hospital patients and personnel.The last article (July 8) discusses how Kuwait officials and concerned groups currently feel about Kuwaits move to give emphasis to the human rights of disabled individuals in the region. Dr. Fahad Al-Wardan, the ministrys Nursery Department director stated that the government moves aimed at encouraging the disabled to exert more efforts in developing themselves educationally and morally. He said that this was also the aim of the strawman for the general public to have them well informed about the current issue of physical, mental, and psychological disabilities and in the process gets them to be involved in the government project. Dr. Al-Wardan discussed several findings with respect to research on disabled individuals, citing that both literature and actual research suggest that such individuals still have considerable strength to serve society.Dr Al-wardan also made references to the existing government efforts o n improving disabled individuals lives prior to the government announcement, stating that it was a fulfilling activity both for the recipients and the volunteers. He verbalized satisfaction in the current progress of the movement in the country, and anticipation at the recently announced project of the Kuwait Parliament to give emphasis of disabled individuals well-being.Dr. Al-Wardan hoped that included in the parliaments proposed plan was to increase the pay scale for social workers who are currently one of the lowest remunerative sectors in society. He emphasized on the role of social workers in providing guidance and assistance to the disabled. He also gave due credence to the major role that donations from private organizations have made to the overall effort of helping disabled individuals.The five articles are linked together with respect to their relationship to upholding human rights. In the first article, the dangers to individuals by the recklessness of certain groups i n society were discussed as a violation of the tenets of article 3 in the declaration of human rights.The second article provides a possible response of government, the main protector of the human rights of a particular citizenry, to uphold such rights of a disenfranchised group in society identified as the disabled individuals. This was strengthened by the 3rd article which gave in extensive detail the proposed government plan to alleviating the plights of disabled individuals. The fourth article saw a similar plight related to the article3 of human rights. This was the right to security that both doctors and patients in the hospital in question required. The government acted on that right by helping the hospital set up security measures to prevent future incidents from occurring. Finally, the last article reaffirmed the human rights of disabled individuals in the perspective of current actors in the movement.In conclusion, it can be said that although the prevalence of human right s violations can still be seen in the body politic of Kuwait, government is doing what it can to solve the issue. Government should always work hand in hand with the private sector, concerned individuals and volunteers, and disenfranchised groups themselves in order to keep societal problems involving violations in human rights and provide for the appropriate means for these problems eventual alleviation.

Newspapers -How have newspaper changed overtime? Essay

Newspapers have changed so much overtime. Its changed in so many different ways. Many of them atomic number 18 obvious much(prenominal) as use of colour, text size etc. The first printed newspaper was published in 1605 the World Association of Newspapers recognizes Johann Caroluss Relation aller Fi rnemmen und gedenckwi rdigen Historie, published in 1605, as the worlds first newspaper. thus far, when the English started printing their own papers in London, they reverted to the pamphlet format used by contemporary books. The date of these news books lasted until the publication of the Oxford Gazette in 1665. Text size has changed drastically as in the early 1900s the text size was so small you ask a magnifier. This was because in the 1900s ink was expensive, very expensive. The newspapers, newsprint (paper) was also very expensive. So the editor had to cram in as much words as possible in the smallest size available.Nowadays the text size is much bigger and not crammed as its gi ven space even sometimes they introduce the fount bigger when there is less information. This is because citizenry are becoming lazier they tend to want to read less but also want to get by much than. They are not prepared to read longstanding articles. Many popular tabloids are encouraging a culture of ignorance. Apparently nowadays less is more this is referring to the text sizes. There are many studies that shows, people are more likely to read newspapers with fewer words than a newspaper with more words.Anther savvy is that the ink is also much cheaper nowadays and so is the manufacturing of newsprint (newspaper paper). The highlighted areas in yellow show how the text many years ago is different to upstart newspapers. In the 1903 newspaper the writing is really critical you can hardly see it whereas in the 2005 newspaper the writing is really big and can be seen from far, so it will catch a passers bys attention. On the other hand in areas highlighted in red is the he adline of the story.As you can see in the 1903 newspaper the headline is barely visual as they want to cram in as much information as possible into a tiny area so that they dont have to pay a lot of money for paper as it was really expensive in the past. However in the 2005 newspaper the headline is really, really big so it can be seen from far. The headlines as youve would have guessed are also much bigger this is because the editor wanted to catch the readers attention. It reflects less loyal readership. Using the newspapers above the headlines is highlighted in red see how different they are?The 1903 Daily light shows that the headline is really small, if you compare it with the 2005 Daily Mail you will see a 20x bigger difference between the headlines. If you saw the 1903 Daily Mail headline in a 2005 newspaper you would think that it was the date, or a little reminder of what is inside the newspaper. Because you wouldnt even see that type of small font in a newspaper at this d ate as the newspapers are becoming more modern. That is the really big difference of newspapers and how they adapted to culture.The order of newspapers are really important as you dont want to clash too many of the sections together and make it appear all incorrect e. g. mien section and sport section together, this will confuse people and make the newspaper look unorganized. In the early stages of newspapers there used to be notices of the births, deaths of people etc on the front page of the newspapers, a few newspapers still do it till this day (The Times, Daily Telegraph) but it is hidden, either in the middle or the end of the newspaper.Because its no longer important to insert it into the papers to the wider audience, this is because we stick out about deaths and births through a wider range of technology such as mobile phones, telephones, and internet etc. And also, there is no longer a target market for this as people are no longer interested to find out about this in new spapers. Newspapers are clearly split into sections. Society has changed therefore newspapers have changed to adapt to the society, and it reflects societies different priorities.For example, sport is more important than the death and birth notices therefore there is always a huge section on sports at the end of the newspaper so it is easier to find and shows the most important story as a front page but at the back. It is also more socially acceptable for newspapers to have a section for fun and enjoyment. In the middle to end, depending on the newspaper, there is a section which includes crosswords, Sudoku (easy, medium, and hard), horoscopes, mini cartoon strips etc.

African National Identities Essay

In Jonathan Zimmermans essay African National Identities Cant Be make on Soccer Fever he describes how soccer brings the people of Africa together. He talks about the unity of Africans and how much soccer is a part of their lives. He also describes the underlying reason of why soccer is so heavily pushed. The perspective in the essay Na Na Na Na, Hey Hey, Goodbye Tim bowl discusses his passion for hockey and his hate for the violence. Both fork over the passion rusticmen have for their period of plays as well as the ugly font of the edition as well.In Na Na Na Na, Hey Hey, Goodbye, Bowling describes how hockey was one of his write outs and how over time that has changed. He describes how there is a good and bad side to hockey. The positives being the skill the players display on the ice and the enthusiasm fans show during the playoffs. The negatives being the violence in the game and the business side of the NHL. He says, Even if blowup and relentless marketing (just how many jerseys can one team have?) have conspired to water down the talents and glaciate the pace of play (Bowling, 213). Bowling explains how the sport has become so rough that everything is overlooked and tolerated.He says, and in which a star player like Todd Bertuzzi can jump an opponent from behind, breaking his get it on and not be universally vilified for his actions, but rather become the particular hero of Vancouver Canucks hockey fans (Bowling,213). In comparison Zimmerman writes about how popular soccer is among Africans and how everyone speaks football game (Zimmerman, 345). He also writes about the negativity surrounding the sport. He says that one of the reasons soccer is so strongly pushed is so the government can hide its wrongdoings. He says, Even worse, some governments use sports to divert attention from their own misdeeds (Zimmerman, 346). Zimmerman also states that the sport has allowed tyrants to bolster their power (Zimmerman, 345), using Idi Amin as an example.Th ough their writings show similarity in the negativity that surround these sports, their essays differ for the feelings the writers feel now. Bowling refuses to watch hockey, whereas, Zimmerman quiet down has a passion for the sport. For Bowling the sport has been ruined by the violence, the marketing, and the ways it has changed from a sport to business. He says, When I was a boy, the boards, ice, and score clock were free of advertising goals and assists meant more than salaries and players and teams had distinct character (Bowling,215). For Bowling, he was still looking for the same sport that he watched growing up, what he sees today, he does not recognize. According to him young boys are being sexually abused by coaches, players are badly hurting others and people like Don Cherry are exploiting others for a good laugh.He sees violence everywhere in the sport now, not the good, old, pure sportsmanship he saw growing up. He also says, Why should I follow a sport whose foundation in this country is made of blood and beer and an empty rhetoric around outdated and destructive notions of patriotism and manhood (Bowling, 215). He loves the sport but cannot support what has become of it. Zimmerman shares the love for soccer as other Africans, he says, my heart will break too, if Ghana fails to win the Africa Cup (Zimmerman, 346). He wishes for the best, for both the country and the sport. He doesnt want them to build an identity around soccer, because if they one day lose, it will break the whole nation. They will have nothing to fall back on.In both essays the fans show support for their national sports and this is what brings them together. Zimmerman says that Africans hand their future on sports and Bowling says that hockey is nothing but violence and business. They both make well-grounded points in their essays, they show the positives of their sports, and then show the negative sides to their passion as well.Bowling, Tim. Na Na Na Na , Hey Hey Hey, Goodby e. Essay Writing for Canadian Students with Readings.7th ed. Editors Chris Bullock, Kay L.Stewart, Laura K. Davis. Toronto Pearson Canada Inc., 2013.211-216.Print. Zimmerman, Jonathan. African National Identities Cant Be Built on Soccer Fever Essay Writing for Canadian Students with Readings.7th ed. Editors Chris Bullock, Kay L.Stewart, Laura K. Davis. Toronto Pearson Canada Inc., 2013.345-346.Print

Hinduism Paper Essay

Hinduism as coined by European influence, is the worlds third largest religion with more or less one billion followers, about 14% of the Earths human population. There are many that theorize Hinduism is not like any other religion that encompasses a particular way of life that Hinduism is without a defined founder, deity, nor is Hinduism stuck to a specific arranging of theology. However, at that place are those that argue Hinduism is monotheistic because it does recognize the one arrogant being of Brahman. Then some view Hinduism as Trinitarian because Brahman is visualized as one God with the three persons of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva.Considering that Hinduism lacks a united belief system is a matter of scholarly theory based on the closest findings and perhaps the reason many people theorize that Hinduism is undefined religion. The makeup of Hinduism is of respective(a) beliefs and traditions of the 81% of Hindus residing in present day India translated from Vedic scripture t hat some scholars say date back to 10,000 BCE. The basic scriptures of Hinduism, referred as Shastras, are a appeal of spiritual laws discovered by sages at different points in history.The Two types of dedicated writings, Shruti (heard) and Smriti (memorized) comprise the Hindu scriptures. The sacred writings were passed on from propagation to generation orally for centuries before they were written down in the Sanskrit language dating far back as 6,500 BC. The major and intimately popular Hindu texts embarrass the Bhagavad Gita, the Upanishads, and the epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata, but there are fundamental core of beliefs shared by all Hindus. The basic core of Hinduism believes that there is only one supreme inviolable called Brahman, although it does not advocate the worship of any one particular deity.The gods and goddesses of Hinduism can amount to millions, all representing the many aspects of Brahman that indicate Hinduism is characterized by multiple deities. The most fundamental of Hindu deities is the Trinity of Brahma (creator), Vishnu (or Krishna, meaning creator) and Shiva (destroyer). Yet, the supreme God of any sub-God or sub-Goddesses is that of Brahma, a monotheistic approach that can be compared with many carnations to God in the Christian Bible such as Moses, Abraham, and Jesus and perhaps ignites much debate on the type of religion Hinduism is.However, there are other basic cores of beliefs that Hindus share. Amongst the core beliefs shared by Hindus is the desire for liberation from earthly existence in which Dharma, Samsara, Karma, and Moksha are facets in reaching liberation. Dharma encompasses ethics and duty within a Hindus life. Karma is the actions with in ones life and the consequences for those actions. When Karma goes unfulfilled, Samsara is experienced through the cycle of life, death, and rebirth.The rebirth cycle is in any case known as reincarnation where a Hindus uncleansed soul cycles through life after life un til the soul is cleansed enough to be with Brahman. spot stuck in Samsara, the individual then becomes limited within time and space where monotony becomes a desire for escape from such misery. When a Hindus soul is cleansed enough to satisfy Brahman, Moksha is that escape from such earthly miseries. The desire for Moksha transformed Hinduism from a religion into a culture, but there is debate as to the cultural and societal influences that study made Hinduism vital to India.The cultural and societal influences of Hinduism is in a state of constant flow with the never ending possibilities as life on the earthly plane continues to flourish, yet there is debate on the historical significance that makes a Hinduism what it is today. The Aryan theory argues that Hinduism traces back to the Indus valley civilization of 4,000-2,200 BCE and was influenced by many Aryan Indo-European tribes who brought with them the religion of Vedism around 1,500 BCE.The Emerge theory challenges the Arya n invasion theory in stating the inconsistencies in timelines of Hebraical Scriptures and that of the Aryan invasion in comparison to the development of the four Veda that can be traced as far back as 6,500 BCE. Archeologists and religious historian have concluded through physical evidence of archeological finds along the Indus River and Indus valley show a continuality of the same group of people who traditionally developed Indian culture generation after generation with no evidence of Aryan influence.Another debate that continues amongst the modern day quarrel over theory is the clan system that dates back to 500 BCE. The Rig Veda defined four castes, or Varnas Brahmins were for religious leaders and educators, Kshatriyas for rulers and military, Vaishyas for farmers, landlords, and merchants, and Shudra for peasants, servants and workers. A fifth Varna was known as untouchables and anyone castigated from the Varnas were the Dalit who were denigrated to pollutant jobs. harmonis e to Religioustolerance. org (2011), although the caste system was abolished in 1949, it remains a significant force amongst Hindus throughout India.Aside from debate are the cultural rituals of the Hindu. According Living Religions by Mary Pat Fisher (2005), there are sixteen rites prescribed in the ancient scriptures to purify and sanctify the person in his or her journey through life, including rites at the time of conception, the braiding of the pregnant mothers hair, birth, name-giving, beginning of solid foods, starting education, investing boys with a sacred thread, first leaving the family house, starting studies of Vedas, marriage, and death. Sanatana Dharma is the current preferred title of what is better known as Hinduism where respect of one of the worlds oldest religions must be observed. The fact that there are many worshipped idols within Sanatana Dharma confuses the masses who contend that Hinduism is a polytheistic religion. Yet, it is the world overlooking the fact that other religions come in denominations sectored by a difference of beliefs within the same core of beliefs.

Western Education Romans

ED 6000 Philosophical Foundations in Education Beginning Questions ? ? ? ? ? 2-3 sentence responses foundation of your philosophy paper reflects your current stance/belief 30 proceedings keep a copy for your final personal philosophy paper Scriptural localize Deut. 61-9 Now this is the commandwork forcet, the statutes and the judg handsts which the LORD your God has commanded me to teach you, that you powerfulness do them in the land where you are going over to possess it, so that you and your son and your grandson might fear the LORD your God, to keep all His statutes and His commandments which I command you, all the days of your life, and that your days may be prolonged. Scriptural Focus Deut. 61-9 Israel, you should listen and be careful to do it, that it may be well with you and that you may multiply greatly, just as the LORD, the God of your fathers, has promised you, in a land flowing with milk and h unmatchedy.Hear, O Israel The LORD is our God, the LORD is one Scriptu ral Focus Deut. 61-9 You shall love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your might. These words, which I am commanding you today, shall be on your heart. You shall teach them diligently to your sons and shall talk of them when you sit in your house and when you walk by the way and when you lie down and when you rise up. Scriptural Focus Deut. 61-9 You shall bind them as a sign on your hand and they shall be as frontals on your forehead. You shall write them on the doorposts of your house and on your gates.A tale OF WESTERN commandment ? Big Ideas ? ? ? What are the enduring principles that have stood the test of time? To what extent are the principles being applied in today s classrooms? List the big ideas that you have experienced in today s classrooms and or those that should, from your perspective, be a part of current educational pr makeice. A HISTORY OF WESTERN direction ? Hebrews ? ? longest recorded western history teaching of religion and moral training A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ? Greeks ? ? ? ? ? ? city-state civilization based on slavery achieve elegant leisure ignity of the citizen letters, music, gymnastics conscripted military service A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION Romans ? ? ? patricians, plebeians, freed men and slaves piety, courage, honesty, dignity, sobriety A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ? Christian ? ? ? change of heart attain peace and growth in body, mind, and spirit underground schools ? A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION Renaissance (New Birth) ? ? Seven Liberal arts ? trivium grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic or logic ? quadrivium arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music Renaissance Man da Vinci ? oastfulness, laissez faire and a resentment toward authority A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION rectifyation (1500-1750) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? educated class advocated reform Germany-moral indignation England-remove wealth from the church Geneva-strictly theologicals Eng land became more often than not Protestant back to the basics grammar/spelling Inquisition court of heresy Heliocentrism (Copernicus) A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ? Jan Amos Comenius (1592-1627) ? developmental stages ? infant, child, youth, adult ? Orbis Pictus 1653-54 the first epitome book for school childrenA HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ? The purpose of education is that which every gentleman desires for his sons, virtue, wisdom, breeding and learning. I place virtue as the first and most necessary. I put learning last, especially if I tell you I think it the least part. Some Thoughts Concerning Education, p. 147. John Locke (1632-1704) A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION John Locke (1632-1704) ? ? Tabula Rasa ? There would be no problem, if the human intellect were even, and like a fair sheet of paper with no composing on it. A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION United States Old Deluder Satan Act (Massachusetts 1647) ne chief project of the old deluder, Satan, to keep men from a knowledge of the Scriptures, as in former times by keeping them in an unknown tongue, so in these latter times by persuading from the use of tongues A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION . it is therefore ordered, that every township in this jurisdiction, after the Lord hath increased their number to fifty thousand, shall thus forthwith appoint one within their town to teach all such children as shall resort to him, to write and read, whose wages shall be paid each by the parents or masters of such children, or by the inhabitants in general.A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ? Enlightenment & Revolution (1750-1830 ? Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-78) ? Romanticism ? Emile ? On Education ? The Social Contract A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ? Friedrich Froebel (1782-1852) ? ? The child bequeath come to understand the world through creative maneuver facilitated by the use of geometric objects (labeled by Froebel as gifts ) in which pure form is dominant. 1840 Pedagogics of the K indergarten A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ? Maria Montessori (1870-1952) ? 1896 University of capital of Italy s first woman physician graduate 1912 Montessori Method Scientific Pedagogy ? If one fails to learn, there is a natural punishment that takes place as a loss of the consciousness of our own power and greatness, which constitute the quality of manhood. A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ? Maria Montessori (1870-1952) ? ? ? The classroom must be a prepared environment The classroom must always contain stimulating apparatus, objects, toys, and literature in order to capture the child s inside drives to be active. sensitive periods A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ? John Dewey (1859-1952) ? ? ? ? psychologist, philosopher, educator, social critic and political activist Progressivism moral relativism applied evolutionary conjecture to ? biology ? geology ? anthropology A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ? John Dewey (1859-1952) ? Morality is learned within a social con text by observing give up rules, which emerge from shared experience. ? Values are defined through use of the scientific method as one selects a choice of action and how it will effect self, others, the community, and the environment. A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION Catholic Church (1929) ?Every method of education founded, wholly or in part, on the defense reaction or forgetfulness of original sin and grace, and relying on the sole powers of human nature, is unsound A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ? Such, generally speaking, are those modern systems attitude various names which appeal to a pretended self-government and unrestrained freedom on the part of the child, and which diminish or even suppress the teacher s authority and action, attributing to the child an exclusive primacy of initiative, and an activity independent of any higher law, natural or divine, in the work of his education.Catholic Church (1929) A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ? Scientific or Logical Positivism (1950-1967) ? ? ? purpose of education national development stand against the threat of communism ? U. S. segment of Education ? ? ? President Jackson signed legislation that created the first Department of Education in1867 (non-cabinet level) that lasted less than a year President Charter signed man Law 96-88 The Department of Education Organization Act in 1979 Reagan established it as a cabinet-level agency in 1981 A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ? Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990) ? ? ? operant behavior teaching machines Beyond Freedom and Dignity A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ? Multiculturalism & Private Schools (1980-1990) ? Mortimer Adler (1982) ? ? ? The Paideia Proposal An Educational pronunciamento liberal, non-specialized education without electives or vocational classes three purposes ? ? ? use leisure time well earn their living ethically teach people to be obligated citizens in a democracy ? A Nation at Risk (1983) ? ? ? National Commission of Excellence in Education The Imperative For Educational ReformIf an unfriendly foreign power had attempted to impose on America the mediocre educational performance that exists today, we might well have viewed it as an act of war. As it stands, we have allowed this to happen to ourselves A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ? We have even squandered the gains in student achievement made in the wake of the Sputnik challenge. Moreover, we have dismantled essential support systems which helped make those gains possible. We have, in effect, been committing an act of unthinking, unilateral educational disarmament. A Nation at Risk (1983) ? A Nation at Risk (1983) ? ? ? ? strengthen graduation requirements five new basics English, mathematics, science, social studies, and computer science adopt higher and measurable standards for donnish performance significantly increase time students spend engaged in learning Strengthen the teaching profession through higher standards for preparation and professional growth ? A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ? Standards (1998-present) ? ? ? ? Academic Content Standards for Students No Child Left Behind Academic Performance Indicator (API) gobs National Board for Professional Teaching Standards

Literature Review Essay

Abstract The primary role of writings freshen up in a quantitative research study to gain information on the prevail over of your research research and identify unbiased and valid studies connected with your research scruple. For instance, my quantitative research question is all another(prenominal) factors being equal, do proud enlighten students reading material common fiction achieve expose Language Arts test scores than high nurture students reading curriculum-required fiction? My shot is that high school students reading popular fiction entrust outperform the students who read curriculum-required fiction, because if you enjoy reading you willing perform split.Then I want to do a literature revaluation to discover if my question has already been answered and I may need to modify it or if at that place are link studies to my research question that can provide quantifiable research. Introduction Quantitative Research involves collecting numerical data though content analysis, performance tests, temper measures, questionnaires, etc. This type of research procedures include an objective/unbiased approach to collecting numerical data from a large number of participants and analyzes these numbers victimisation statistics in order to answer a specific, narrow research question.As part of research, a literature review is required. A quantitative literature review is an extensive review of literature that may or may non influence the study and your research question (UOA 2013). The primary role of literature review in a quantitative research study to gain information on the subject of your research question and identify unbiased and valid studies connected with your research question. For instance, my quantitative research question is all other factors being equal, do high school students reading popular fiction achieve better Language Arts test scores than high school students reading curriculum-required fiction? My hypothesis is that high school students reading popular fiction will outperform the students who read curriculum-required fiction, because if you enjoy reading you will perform better. Then I need to do a literature review to discover if my question has already been answered and I may need to modify it or if there are related studies to my research question that can provide quantifiable research. wherefore This Research Question This research question all other factors being equal, do high school students reading popular fiction achieve better Language Arts test scores than high school students reading curriculum-required fiction? needs to be answered. There is a controversy over what types of literature is acceptable for students to have access. One of my favorite book series (Harry Potter) is a banned book in certain states. This research question would add to research already completed. Methodology in the Research Question This research question all other factors being equal, do high school students r eading popular fiction achieve better Language Arts test scores than high school students reading curriculum-required fiction? is an experimental research question and a casual research question.An experimental research question tests the cause and assemble and a causal research question that test for a cause and effect relationship between variables. The variables in this research question are the independent variable (IV), age, ethnicity, and gender, the dependent variable (DV), assigned popular fiction and curriculum-required fiction, and the covariant (CoV) socio-economic status. Additionally, this question has symmetry data. Ratio data is continuous. Ratio data rank order, but too quantify and compare the sizes of differences between them.Ratio data has an absolute zero and allows for how many an(prenominal) times greater. The research question can discover how many times greater or less are the test scores of high school students who read popular fiction than those who re ad curriculum-required fiction. Supporting Research My hypothesis of the research question is that high school students reading popular fiction will outperform the students who read curriculum-required fiction, because if you enjoy reading you will perform better. The other similar research found during the literature review relates to my research.Although, my specific research question has not been fully researched. Other research relates to my question. According to the article, Impact of Students reading Preferences on Reading Achievement, middle school students in Canada found The most epochal indicators were reading novels or fictional texts, informative reading or non-fiction, and reading books or other texts from the school library. In-class reading and participation in discussions pertaining to school-related reading were also shown to enhance reading achievement.These results are somewhat surprising in that research documenting this subject mainly emphasizes the use of pe dagogical material corresponding to the interests/needs of students to cherish achievement in reading (Bouchamma, et al. 2013). This research shows that reading achievement can come from both required and optional reading. Moreover, according to the article, Reading Attitude and its military issue on Leisure Time Reading, gender, educational level, age, and amount of spare time have a positive effect on reading behavior (Stokmans 1999).Additionally, there is a positive relationship between time spent reading fiction and educational level (Stokmans 1999). This research shows that reading fiction relates positively to reading level. Additionally, according to the article, Popular Publications May Help Students Reading Scores, We are concerned about the struggle to increase scores that children are posting on state-required exams not because of the scores themselves, but because they are strong indications that state students may not be gaining the thorough and analytical skills the y need to become successful readers (international nautical mile Chronicle 1997).This publisher article shows that popular publications may help students on their reading score. Conclusion This research question all other factors being equal, do high school students reading popular fiction achieve better Language Arts test scores than high school students reading curriculum-required fiction? needs to be answered. This research question addresses the controversy over what types of literature is acceptable for students to have access to. Moreover, this research question would add to research already completed.It would allowadministrators and other educators to decide if certain books can be helpful in high school students learning environments. Bibliography Bouchamma, Y. , Poulin, V. , Basque, M. , & Ruel, C. (2013). Impact of students reading preferences on reading achievement.Creative Education, 4(8), 484-491. Retrieved February 6th, 2014 from http//search. proquest. com/docview/1 441488139? accountid=28844 Mia J. W. Stokmans, Reading attitude and its effect on leisure time reading, Poetics, Volume 26, Issue 4, May 1999, Pages 245-261, ISSN 0304-422X, Retrieved February 6th, 2014 from http//dx.doi. org/10. 1016/S0304-422X(99)00005-4 http//www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0304422X99000054 Popular publications may help students reading scores. (1997, Oct 01). Michigan Chronicle. Retrieved February 6th, from http//search. proquest. com/docview/390200035? accountid=28844 University of Arkansas Libraries (2013, Oct. 30) Literature Reviews. LibGuides. Retrieved February 6th, 2014 from http//uark. libguides. com/content. php? pid=110370&sid=1384703

Evaluation of Waste Tire Devulcanization Technologies

(INTERNAL REPORT) CENTERPLASTICS COMPOUND & ADDITIVES Feb. 2011 M. S. Laura Fontana Centerplastics Enterprise, Ltd Eastern Industrial Road, zip. 516127, Shiwan Town, Boluo Area, Huizhou, DongGuan, GuangDong, P. R. mainland China PPH Chapter 1 Introduction Approximately 25 potential devul s quit packingization engineering researchers and developers were identified throughout the world, however, just now a very small number of devul give the axeization systems be now run.These argon primarily small-capacity systems, which be devul female genitalsizing natural or celluloid coats (as opposed to devulcanizing the mixture of pencil erasers recovered from drive away wear offs). The general types of devulcanization technologies identified and analyzed in the lead ar shown below. engine room Basis of acting Zone of Reaction Chemical Chemicals/ chemical substance substance receptions wax of particles supersonic Ultrasonic waves Throughout particles Microwave Microwaves Throu ghout particles Biological Microorganisms Surface of particles Other mechanized Steam Surface of particles Key findings Reli competent breeding and info on devulcanization of go through scare away guard atomic number 18 intempe footstep to obtain referable to proprietary claims, efforts to hide poor or infeasible cover performance and harvest-home prime(a), and the express number of engineering science researchers and developers and of peer-reviewed info. Reliable data relating yen tire characteristics, de recovered surface quality, end crossing performance, and mathematical production woo is scarce. Only a very small number of low-capacity devulcanization systems argon in operation(p) in the social unit of measuremented States (at approximately 50 Kg /hr, all R&D scale, robotlike, or unhearable).No prove commercial-grade capacity units could be ground that are currently devulcanizing waste tires, for example, at 500 Kg/hr or greater. The likely reason s include insufficient product quality and elevated cost of production. In terms of the potential of producing high-quality devulcanized prophylactics (for example, high strength), the beat out technology appears to be unhearable, establish on the current deposit of the art. Devulcanization of single safes has much more(prenominal) history than that of multi- no-count mixtures much(prenominal) as waste tires.Only a a few(prenominal) companies devulcanize single look pre blowholeative as a result of captive conversion or merchandiser scrap recovery from manufacturing. The production of devulcanized natural arctic from home manufacturing scrap in the U. S represents about 1 to 2 per centum of total U. S. caoutchouc eraser consumption. The quality of devulcanized single galoshs is higher(prenominal) than that of devulcanized eight-fold preventives. Devulcanization that depends on go forth devulcanization technologies (for example, chemical and mechanistic) app ears destined in the confining term to produce low- or medium-quality devulcanized caoutchouc tangible. The estimated cost for producing devulcanized materials from waste tires is $0. 3 to $0. 6/Kg 30 part, if including the cost of rear end rubber feedstock. This range of production cost is significantly greater than that of virgin rubbers. A typical tire compound contains the following constituents Table 1. committal to writing of devolves Passenger fag out Constituents Common Materials indwelling rubber 14% congenital rubber synthetical rubber 27% SBR, butadiene rubber Carbon black 28% Carbon black mark 14%15% Steel Fabric, fillers, accelerators, antiozonants, etc. 16%17% Polyester, nylon, aromatic inunct, coumarine resin, silica, bonding agent, stearic dose, ntioxidant, affect chemicals, sulfur, zinc oxide motortruck deplete Natural rubber 27% Natural rubber Synthetic rubber 14% Synthetic rubber Carbon black 28% Carbon black Steel 14%15% Steel Fabric, fillers, a ccelerators, antiozonants, etc. 16%17% Polyester, nylon, aromatic rock petroleum color, stearic acid, antioxidant, wax, touch chemicals, sulfur, zinc oxide Source caoutchouc Manufacturers Association, cc4. Reclaiming is a procedure in which scrap tire rubber or vulcanized rubber waste is convertedusing mechanical and thermal energy and chemicalsinto a call down in which it can be involved, cognitive operationed, and vulcanized again.The principle of the touch on is devulcanization (Franta, 1989). Historically and practically, in the concept of rubber reclaiming, devulcanization consists of the cleavage of intermolecular bonds of the chemical network, such as degree Celsius-sulfur (C-S) and/or sulfur-sulfur (S-S) bonds, with further shortening of the chains likewise occurring (Rader, 1995). This description of devulcanization is different than that given below, which is limited to chemical interactions involving sulfur atoms. Reclaim is an interesting raw material as it reduces the production costs of root rubber articles, due(p) to shorter mixing time and degrade power consumption.The affect temperature is lower, and the material has a higher dimensional stability during calandering and riddance due to the be three-dimensional network. The roughly important advantage of of age(p) articles containing reclaim in terms of properties is an improvement of aging resistance. Devulcanization is the process of cleaving the monosulfidic, disulfidic, and polysulfidic crosslinks ( nose candy-sulfur or sulfur-sulfur bonds) of vulcanized rubber. Ideally, devulcanized rubber can be revulcanized with or without the work of other compounds.The different types of devulcanization processes also modify other properties of the rubbers. These processes ca part reduction of or sowhat properties over those of the parent rubber. Ideally, devulcanization would yield a product that could serve as a diversify for virgin rubber, both in terms of properties and in terms of cost of manufacture. Polymers can be split into two groups thermoplastics and thermosetting materials. Thermoplastics soften when wake uped, making it possible to (re-)shape them at higher temperatures.Thermosetting materials, like rubbers, are crosslinked on heating and therefore can non be softened or remodeled by raising the temperature. Therefore, thermosets are more difficult to recycle compared to thermoplastics. The three-dimensional network has to be broken in order to make the material (re-)processable the so-called reclaiming process. In this process, either sulfur crosslinks connecting the polymer chains or carbon-carbon bonds in the polymer backbone are broken. The beginning(a) mechanism is preferred, as the backbone of the polymer remains intact. Scission can be obtained by heat, shear or chemical receptions.Basically, processes of rupturing the rubber network by crosslink or main-chain scission can be classified into five main groups. caloric reclai ming Thermo-mechanical reclaiming Mechano-chemical reclaiming Reclaiming by radiation, and Microbial reclaiming. In actual practice, combinations of thermal and mechanical reclaiming are somely used, with in some cases the augmentition of a devulcanization sanction for chemical reclaiming. 1. 1-Thermal Reclaiming For this kind of processes, heat (often combined with addition of chemicals) is used to mark off the sulfur bonds and thus to plasticize the rubber.Hall patented in 1858 one of the oldest and most simple processes in the rubber reclaiming industry, the Heater or Pan process (Oil law). In this process, finely ground natural rubber pulverize is manifold with covers and reclaiming agents and tempered with high or medium pressure steam at temperatures varying from 170C to 200C. The reclaiming time is long and the homogeneity of the reclaim is low, but this process is able to reclaim a large number of polymers natural rubber (NR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), chlo roprene rubber (CR), acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) and butyl rubber (IIR) and the equipment is rather in pricey.The use of the heater or pan process became less popular after mark patented the Digester or Alkali process in 1899. The fibers of the rubber scrap, remnants of the tire carcass, were first removed by mixing it with alkali, piss, plasticizing oils and, if needed, chemical peptizers. The mixture was alter in a jacketed, agitator equipped autoclave to 180-210C. The most important disadvantage of this process is the pollution generated by the chemicals. Modifications of this process minimized the pollution, but increased the reaction times.Processes with short reaction times are for example the High Pressure Steam processes or the Engelke process. In the first process, a fiber-free, coarse ground rubber is mixed with reclaiming agents, and reclaiming is done in a aggressive autoclave at approximately 280C. In the latter process, coarse ground rubber scrap is mixed with plasticizing oils and peptizers and is put into small autoclaves. The material is heated to very high temperatures for a short period of 15 minutes, after which it is lead through refiners (mills with very narrow gaps) and strainers. . 1. 1 Steam With or Without Chemicals (Digester, DD-CR, HTDD-CR) Steam devulcanization of smoke rubber uses a steam vessel equipped with an agitator for round-the-clock stirring of the tail end rubber while steam is being applied. There are two variants of the basis steam process, namely, derisory and ironic. The wet process uses caustic and water mixed with the rubber crumb, while the dry process uses unless steam. If requisite, divers(a) reclaiming oils may be added to the mixture in the reaction vessel.In one case, a wet process using diaryl di sulfide and reclaiming oils with saturated steam at 190C (374F) was fed finely ground NR and synthetic rubber scraps. A charge of about 440 lbs. was partially devulcanized after 15 to 17 hours of processing. This process necessitate 12 hours at ambient temperature for pre-treatment and 3 to 5 hours for steam or high temperature treatment (Adhikari, et al. , 2000). The dry process digester has the advantage of generating less pollution than the wet process. Scrap rubber containing natural and synthetic rubbers can be reclaimed by the steam digestion process.Reclaiming oil used for this process has molecular weights between 200 and snow0, consisting of benzene, alkyl benzene, and alkylate indanes. A generic processing diagram for steam devulcanization is shown in symbol A. Figure A. established Diagram of a Steam Devulcanization dodging Devulcanized gum elastic Dehydrating remains Steam Reactor Rubber barf Chemical(s) liquified byproduct 1. 2 Thermo-Mechanical Reclaiming The thermo-mechanical reclaiming processes make use of shearing forces to plasticize the rubber. Energy is introduced into the materials, resulting in a significant temperature increase, high enou gh to cause thermal adulteration.The Lancaster-Banbury process is one of the oldest processes. Fiber-free coarse ground rubber scrap is mixed with reclaiming agents and sheared in a high speed, high-pressure internal mixer. When a always working, multiscrew devulcanizer is used instead of the internal mixer, the process is called the Ficker reclaiming process. One of the first continuous reclaiming processes is the so-called reclaimator process. This is basically a single screw extruder that has been adapted to reclaim fibre-free rubber scrap in very short extrusion times.The short extrusion times make this manner suitable for SBR, that tends to harden when longer recycling times are applied. Another mechanical reclaiming process is the De-Link process. In this process finely ground rubber powder is mixed with the De-Link master tummy (DeVulc) a zinc salt of dimethyldithiocarbamate and mercaptobenzothiazole in a molar ratio of 11 to 112, dispersed in thiols and activated by stea ric acid, zinc oxide and sulfur. Advantages of the process are its control and the fact that standard rubber equipment is used.No evidence is addressable to demonstrate that the De-Link process is used beyond laboratory or pilot scale. The Toyota process is another education of mechanical reclaiming. In this process a mixture of ground rubber, virgin rubber, oils and a devulcanization aid is masticated on a two-roll mill or in an extruder. Mechanical devulcanization is achieved through the repeated deformation of rubber particles infra special(prenominal) conditions of temperature and pressure. The result is a devulcanized rubber, launch for further processing. Toyota developed another continuous process, Toyota Gosei (TG) combining pulverization, reclaiming and deodorization.The rubber waste has to be ground to a particle size of 5-10 mm before it can be fed into a modular screw-type nuclear reactor with a pulverization zone and a reaction zone. The in operation(p) temperatu re is in the range of ascorbic acid- three hundredC and carbon-900 rev screw speeds are applied, the process requires about 100 Kw (kilowatts) to process 200 to 300 kg (kilograms)/hr of rubber, or approximately 0. 4 kW/kg. By manipulating screw configuration and rotational speed, and processing temperature, researchers are able to control the duration of the treatment. In this way they can, to some extent, control the properties of the devulcanizate.The TG process has been primarily, if not completely, used to devulcanize particularised types of rubber compounds, such as NR and SBR. 1. 3 Mechano-Chemical Reclaiming Mixing of the rubber powder with a peptizer (chemicals used to reduce the viscosity of NR) and a reclaiming agent prior to the mechanical knapdown of the material improves the reclaiming process. The devulcanization aid is supposed to selectively break the sulfur crosslinks in the rubber network. This chemical breakdown is combined with stimulant drug of thermal an d/or mechanical energy, as the rate of this process is sufficiently high only at higher temperatures.The most third estate devulcanization aids are disulfides, e. g. aryl disulfides or diphenyl sulfides, thio hydroxybenzenes and their zinc salts and mercaptanes. These chemical compounds are radical scavengers they react with the radicals generated by chain- or crosslink scission and pre spillage recombination of the molecules. Typical concentrations for the reclaiming agents are 0. 5 to 4 wt%. Suitable peptizers are aromatic and naphthenic oils with a high boiling point. Figure B. Schematic Diagram of a Chemical Devulcanization agreement Devulcanization Agent Rubber Crumb Mixer Heated Extruder DevulcanizedFilter Dryer Rubber Liquid by-product Unfortunately, a detailed accounting of test materials, performance parameters, and conditions is lacking, thus inhibiting the extent of interpretation of the data. Comparisons of data are primarily limited to comparing the properties of vir gin rubbers with compounds containing the virgin and devulcanized material at concentrations of about 30 portion devulcanized material. As shown by the data in the table, the properties of the mixtures containing devulcanized material are in general moderately lower than those of their virgin counterparts.The reported data reflect two different types of chemical devulcanization technologies. Table 2. Properties of Waste Tire Rubber Devulcanized development Chemical or Chemical/Mechanical Technology Generic Technology Technology Surrogate Test Rubber Compound s % Devulc (or Ground) Matl Mooney viscousness (ML-4 212F) Tensile Strengt h (lbs/in2) 300% Modulus (lbs/ in2) annexe to Break (%) Chemical STI-K Polymers DeLinka NR 0 61. 9 4,270 1,987 534 NR w/devulc NR 30 72. 3 4,020 2,151 489 Virgin SBR (1520) 0 96. 6 3,880 3,059 358 SBR (1520) w/devulc SBR 30 109. 2 3,580 2,923 345 Chemical/ Mechanical LandStar/ GuangzhouResearch Instituteb NR 100 28. 4 680 SR 100 17. 2 514 AMRc Powder (devulc. additive) 100 23. 9 640 Tread Tire Compoundd 0 20. 3 772 28. 6 19. 7 628 Light Duty Truck Tire Compounde 0 23. 8 536 28. 6 20. 5 500 1. 4 Reclaiming by Irradiation Bond type Dissociation energy (KJ/mol) C-C 349 C-S 302 S-S 273 Polysulfidic 253 Table 3. Typical bond energies 1. 4. 1 Ultrasonic Rubber devulcanization by using unhearable energy was first discussed in Okuda and Hatano (1987). It was a atomic pile process in which a small piece of vulcanized rubber was devulcanized using 50 kilohertz ultrasonic waves after treatment for 20 minutes.The process evidently could break down C-S and S-S bonds, but not carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds. The properties of the revulcanized rubber were erect to be very similar to those of the original vulcanizates. One continuous process for devulcanization of rubbers is based on the use of high-power ultrasound electromagnetic radiation. This is a suitable way to recycle waste tires and waste rubbers. The ultrasonic waves, at certain lev els, in the armorial bearing of pressure and heat, can quickly break up the three-dimensional network in crosslinked, vulcanized rubber.The process of ultrasonic devulcanization is very fast, simple, efficient, and it is free of sol wall sockets and chemicals. The rate of devulcanization is approximately one second. This may lead to the preferential breakage of sulfidic crosslinks in vulcanized rubbers. (Isayev, 1993 Yu. Levin, et al. , 1996 Isayev, et al. , 1997 Yun, et al. , 2001 Yun & Isayev, April 2003). Under a license from the University of Akron for the ultrasonic devulcanization technology, NFM Company of Massillon, Ohio, has built a prototype of the machine for ultrasonic devulcanization of tire and rubber products (Boron, et al. 1996 Boron, et al. , 1999). It was reported that retreaded truck tires containing 15 and 30 weight percent (percent by weight) of ultrasonicallydevulcanized carbon black-filled SBR had passed the preliminary propellant endurance test (Boron, et al. , 1999). Extensive studies on the ultrasonic devulcanization of rubbers, and some preliminary studies on ultrasonic decrosslinking of crosslinked plastics, showed that this continuous process allows recycling of various types of rubbers and thermosets (Isayev, 1993 Hong & Isayev, 2002 (pp. 160168) Shim, et al. 2002 Shim & Isayev, 2003 Gonzalez-de Los Santas, et al. , 1999). As a consequence of the process, ultrasonically-devulcanized rubber becomes soft, therefore modify this material to be reprocessed, shaped, and revulcanized in very much the same way as virgin rubber. This mod technology has been used successfully in the laboratory to devulcanize ground tire rubber (commonly referred to in the industry as GRT) (Isayev, et al. , 1995 Yun, et al. , 2001 Boron, et al. , 1996), unfilled and filled rubbers N (Hong & Isayev, 2001 Yu. Levin, et al. , 1996 Isayev, et al. , 1997 Diao, et al. 1998 Shim, et al. , September 2002 Ghose & Isayev, 2003), guayule rubber (Gonzalez-de Los Sa ntas, et al. , 1999), fluoroelastomer, ethylene vinyl acetate foam, and crosslinked polyethylene (Isayev, 1993 Isayev & Chen, 1994). After revulcanization, rubber samples exhibit good mechanical properties, which in some cases are equal to or exceeding those of virgin vulcanizates. Structural studies of ultrasonically-treated rubber show that the breakup of chemical crosslinks is accompanied by the partial degradation of the rubber chain that is, the C-C bonds (Isayev, et al. , 1995 Tukachinsky, et al. 1996 Yu. Levin, et al. , 1997 (pp. 641649) Yushanov, et al. , 1998). The degree of degradation of C-C bonds can be comforting, depending on conditions. The mechanism of rubber devulcanization under ultrasonic treatment is presently not well understood, unlike the mechanism of the degradation of long-chain polymer in solutions irradiated with ultrasound (Suslick, 1988). Ultrasonic devulcanization also alters the revulcanization kinetics of rubbers. The revulcanization of devulcanize d SBR appeared to be essentially different from those of virgin SBR (Yu. Levin, et al. , 1997, pp. cxx128).The induction period is shorter or absent for revulcanization of devulcanized SBR. This is also true for other unfilled and carbon black-filled rubbers such as ground rubber tire (GRT), SBR, natural rubber (NR), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), and butadiene rubber (BR) cured by sulfur-containing curative systems, but not for silicone rubber cured by peroxide. Ultrasonically-devulcanized rubbers consist of sol and gel. The gel portion is typically soft and has significantly lower crosslink density than that of the original vulcanizate. Due to the presence of sol and soft gel, the devulcanized rubber can flow and is subject to shaping.Crosslink density and gel fraction of ultrasonically-devulcanized rubbers were found to correlate by a universal master curve (Yushanov, et al. , 1996 Diao, et al. , 1999 Yushanov, et al. , 1998). This curve is unique for either elastomer due to its unique chemical organise. In a comparative abbreviation of ultrasonically reclaimed unfilled SBR, NR and EPDM rubbers, it was found that it was more difficult to reclaim EPDM than NR and SBR. Reclaiming of EPDM roofsheeting resulted in a good quality reclaim, which after revulcanization showed more or less equal mechanical properties compared to the virgin compound.The surface smoothness of the revulcanized compounds could be controlled by the process conditions. approximately companies trade ultrasonic devulcanization technologies are utilizing very similar technologies involving cold feed extruders and varying physical arrangements of ultrasonic equipment. Ultrasonic devulcanization technology is actually straighten upd of a devulcanization system namely, extrusion and ultrasonic processing. Two constitute differences in some cases are the equipment and materials used to generate the ultrasonic energy required for the process, and the positioning of the transduce r(s) sexual intercourse to the extruder.Two different arrangements of ultrasonic devulcanization systems are shown in Figures C and D. In this type of devulcanization system, size-reduced rubber particles are loaded into a hopper and are subsequently fed into an extruder. The extruder mechanically pushes and pulls the rubber. This mechanical action serves to heat the rubber particles and softens the rubber. As the softened rubber is transported through the extruder cavity, the rubber is exposed to ultrasonic energy. The resulting combination of heat, pressure, and mechanical mastication is sufficient to achieve varying degrees of devulcanization.The time constant of the devulcanization process takes place in seconds. basically all of the rubber entering the process is discharged from the extruder in semi-solid product stream. Process losses would be primarily those due to emissions of fine particulates or of splashes, if any, generated due to the mechanical and thermal processes occurring during the devulcanization process. After exiting through the extruder die, the rubber is passed through a cooling cleanse and then dried. Figure C. Schematic Diagram of an Ultrasonic Devulcanization System screening a Mid- Extruder Location for the Ultrasonic SubsystemUltrasonic treat Zone Cooling tub Devulcanized Rubber Extruder Rubber Crumb Feed Hopper Figure D. Schematic Diagram of an Ultrasonic Devulcanization System Showing the Ultrasonic Subsystem Located at the Discharge End of the Extruder Ultrasonic Processing Zone Cooling Bath Devulcanized Rubber Feed Hopper Extruder Rubber Crumb Table 4. Properties of Waste Tire Rubber Devulcanized Using Ultrasonic Technology Technology Surrogate Test Rubber Compound s % Devulc or (Ground) Matl Mooney Viscosity (ML-4 212F) Tensile Strength (lbs/in2) 100% Modulus (lbs/ in2) 300% Modulus (lbs/ in2) Elongation toBreak (%) U of Akron SBR 1848a 0 2,415 740 780 SBR (1848) w/devulc SBRa 10 1,075 790 540 SBR (1848) w/whole train r eclaima (10) 1,940 760 660 SBR (1848) w/30 mesh buffingsa (10) 1,440 780 480 100% NR (SMR CV60) & 0% SBR (23. 5% bandaged styrene, and Duraden 706)b 0 3,263 116 670 NR (SMR CV60) & 25% SBR (23. 5% flinch styrene, and Duraden 706)b 0 1,885 123 600 NR (SMR CV60) w/devulc SBR (23. 5% bound styrene, and Duraden 706)b 25 580 123 380 NR (SMR CV60) & 50% SBR (23. 5% bound styrene, and Duraden 706)b 0 406 131 390 Technology Surrogate Test Rubber Compound s % Devulc or (Ground) Matl Mooney Viscosity (ML-4 12F) Tensile Strength (lbs/in2) 100% Modulus (lbs/ in2) 300% Modulus (lbs/ in2) Elongation to Break (%) NR (SMR CV60) w/devulc SBR (23. 5% bound styrene, and Duraden 706)b 50 363 123 320 NR (SMR CV60) & 75% SBR (23. 5% bound styrene, and Duraden 706)b 0 363 145 295 NR (SMR CV60) w/devulc SBR (23. 5% bound styrene, and Duraden 706)b 75 276 131 250 100% SBR (23. 5% bound styrene, and Duraden 706)b 0 290 152 200 100% SBR (23. 5% bound styrene, and Duraden 706)b 100 290 138 180 Table 5. Perc ent Change from Virgin with Selected Devulcanization Rubber Formulations Test Rubber Compounds (grade) Parts or % %Devulc. or (Groun d) Matl. Hardnes s Shore Tear Strengt h Tensile Strengt h 100% Modulu s 300% Modulu s Elongatio n to Break Chemical STI-K Polymers DeLinka NR w/devulc NR 30 -5. 9% 8. 3% -8. 4% SBR (1520) w/devulc SBR 30 -7. 7% -4. 4% -3. 6% Kyoto Universityb Truck tire (93 NR+ 7 BR) 84 NR+ 6 BR + 20 devulc 18 8. 1% -2. 3% 2. 6% 0. 0% 74 NR+ 6 BR + 40 devulc 33 12. 9% -11. 9% 28. 2% -17. 4% 65 NR + 5 BR + 60 devulc 46 11. 3% -19. 1% 23. 1% -13. 0% LandStar/Guangzhou R Ic 100 SIR 10 + 50 devulc SIR vs. trip 1 33 4. 3% -23. 7% 6. 7% -6. 7% SIR vs. Case 2 33 6. 5% -23. 0% 11. 5% -8. 6% Tread Tire Compound 0 NR + 30 SR + 20 CIS-BR +40 AMR 28. 6 6. 7% -17. 3% -3. 0% -18. 7% Light Duty Truck Tire Compound 30 NR + 70 SR + 0 CIS-BR + 40 AMR 28. 6 1. 6% -10. 9% -13. 9% -6. 7% Retread Tire Compound c65 NR + 35 SR +40 AMR 28. 6 6. 3% -8. 6% -10. 3% -16. 8% Ultrasonic University of Akrond Versus Akrochem SBR (1848) SBR w/devulc SBR 10 -55. 5% 6. 8% -30. 8% Test Rubber Compounds (grade) Parts or % % Devulc. or (Groun d) Matl. Hardnes s Shore Tear Strengt h Tensile Strengt h 100% Modulu s 300% Modulu s Elongatio n to Break SBR w/whole Tire Reclaim 10 -19. 7% 2. 7% -15. 4% SBR w/30 Mesh Buffings 10 -40. 4% 5. 4% -38. % Natural Rubber and SBR versus devulc Base 100% NR (SMR CV60) & 0% SBR (23. 5% bound styrene, and Firestone Duraden 706) 0 Add 25% SBR, 75% NR 0 -42. 2% 6. 3% -10. 4% Devulc SBR replaces SBR 25% devulc SBR, 75% NR 25 -69. 2% 0. 0% -36. 7% 50% devulc SBR, 50% NR 50 -10. 7% -5. 6% -17. 9% 75% devulc SBR, 25% NR 75 -24. 0% -10. 0% -15. 3% SBR versus devulc SBR 100% devulc SBR 100 0. 0% -9. 5% -10. 0% Heavy carbon-blacked rubber is the hardest to devulcanize, and silica, or other mineral-filled EDPM, is the easiest. Reincorporation of the devulcanized rubber is typically in the 20 to 40 percent range.Devulcanized single-product rubber applications ar e immense ranging. The reclaimed product may be reintroduced into the same end product or one with more tolerant performance characteristics for the devulcanized rubber. Devulcanized rubber seems to buzz off advantages in bonding, strength, and tread integrity above the properties of crumb rubber, which acts only as a rubber-like filler. According to one developer of a devulcanization process, about 3 to 10 percent of the final product can be blended into virgin material before performance properties are affected.Variations of a few percent are reported by developers of devulcanization when they vary process run conditions. Run-to-run variations are normally acceptable. Devulcanized single rubber products have a much lower degree of degradation than multiple rubber mixtures with devulcanized rubber. Virgin single-grade SBRor natural rubber replacement with devulcanized material shown by the STI-K and the University of Akron datasets has, at worst, a reduction of 10 percent in tens ile strength, modulus, or elongation.In some cases, the addition of devulcanized rubber causes a major reduction in performance of some properties, along with improvements in one or two properties ( bad weather and modulus). Because the modulus is the measure of deformationthat is, tension (stretching), compression (crushing), flexing (bending), or torsion (twisting). Similarly, the increase in hardness could be an improvement or detraction, depending on the application. The devulcanized rubber properties displayed are not necessarily optimized for a specific end use.Formulators pass on likely be able to incorporate devulcanized rubber along with other formulation components to achieve a higher level of final product performance. Key product performance variables are level of contamination, number of rubber types in the rubber mixtures, and additives used by the formulations. The effect of additives was discussed previously under Product Characteristics. The number of types of ru bber in waste tires is one of the most important factors affecting quality of devulcanized waste tire rubber.Optimizing a devulcanization process is very difficult when more than one type of rubber is involved. Depending on the process used, process conditions, the material, and the blending level of the devulcanized rubber, most properties will be reduced by a few percent to more than two-thirds of those of the virgin material. In situations where the devulcanized rubber properties are within 10 percent of the original rubber material, blending would seem to be an attractive opportunity that offers the potential of adding a low-cost recycled substitute.The best operating model for devulcanizers of single rubber formulation is a dedicated devulcanization disceptation (or long run) of specific rubber. Smaller volumes of single formulations require incurring extra costs for downtime and lost product caused by the cleanout between runs. The devulcanized rubber itself and some of its a dditives and fillerssuch as carbon black presumably add value. These fillers take the place of new additives and fillers that would otherwise be necessary. 1. 4. 2 Microwave Microwave technology has also been proposed to devulcanize waste rubber (Fix, 1980 Novotny, et al. 1978). This process applies the heat very quickly and uniformly on the waste rubber. The method acting employs the application of a controlled amount of microwave energy to devulcanize a sulfur-vulcanized elastomer containing polar groups or componentsto a state in which it could be compounded and revulcanized into useful products such as hoses. The process requires extraordinary or substantial physical properties. On the basis of the relative bond energies of C-C, C-S, and S-S bonds, the scission of the S-S and carbon-sulfur crosslinks appeared to take place.However, the material to be used in the microwave process must be polar enough to accept energy at a rate sufficient to generate the heat necessary for devul canization. This method is a batch process and requires expensive equipment. Figure E. Schematic Diagram of a Microwave Devulcanization System Rubber Crumb Microwave Unit Devulcanized Rubber Cooling System 1. 5 Microbial Reclaiming Thiobacillus-bacteria are able to oxidise the sulfur in polysulfonic bonds to sulphate. This reaction is limited to a surface layer of the rubber with a thickness of less than 1 ? and the oxidation takes several weeks. The thiophilic bacteria Sulfolobus Acidocaldarius is able to split carbonsulfur bonds in a stepwise oxidation reaction of the carbon-bound sulfur into a sulfoxide, a sulfone and finally to a sulphate8, 9. The disadvantage of these processes is the low devulcanization rate. Apparently, these types of biological devulcanization processes are exclusively or primarily limited to the surface layers of the elastomers (Christiansson, et al. , 1998). This circumstance may explain the overall low rate of desulfurization based on total mass processe d.Figure F. Schematic Diagram of Biological Devulcanization System Microorganisms and legions Media Mixer/ Reactor Rubber Crumb Devulcanized Rubber Dryer Filter By-Product Gases Liquid By-Product Chapter2 live Analysis Given the lack of information in the publications, the cost estimates are based on a synthesis of information and data from multiple sources for a given generic type of technology The analysis was generally performed by determining the costs ( expectant and operating and maintenance) of the processes and equipment exposit in the available literature.The cost analyses were conducted for three technologies that use different processing approaches chemical, ultrasonic, and mechanical. * The key processing elements of each of these technologies have been previously described in this report, and they serve as the primary basis of estimating capital and operating and maintenance costs. The data in Table 6 summarize the capital costs and operating and maintenance costs for the technologies analyzed. The data for the capital cost analysis include an allowance for engineering services for the construction of the facility.The information shows that the capital costs for the processes vary from about $92,000 to about $166,000. ** Insufficient technical information and data were found during the study to enable reliable cost analyses for other devulcanization technologies. Table 6. Estimated Unit Costs for the Production of Devulcanized Rubber Item Mechanical Chemical Ultrasonic Capacity (lb/hr) 100 75 75 Capital Cost ($) 92,000 166,000 163,000 O Cost ($) 135,000 172,000 136,000 Amortized Capital and O ($) 143,000 186,000 150,000Amortized Unit Cost ($/lb) 0. 7 1. 2 1. 0 Interest rate 6% per social class Amortization period 20 years Similarly, the data in the table indicate that the operating and maintenance costs for facilities of this type range from about $135,000 to $172,000. The operating cost estimates include the cost of crumb rubber feedstock f or each of the processes. Based on the relative small size of the facilities, the costs of the rental of a building for processing in operating and maintenance are included. This eliminated the cost of building a structure.As shown in the Table, the estimated amortized costs for producing devulcanized rubber are $1. 0/lb for the ultrasonic process, $1. 2/lb for the chemical process, and $0. 7/lb for the mechanical process. The analysis used an interest rate of 6 percent per year and an amortization period of 20 years. Due to uncertainties represented by the lack of detailed technical data and operating history for the technologies, the accuracy of the cost estimates is +/- 30 percent. As mentioned earlier, these costs reflect production at low capacities.Some reduction in unit cost would likely occur due to economies of bigger scale production. However, estimating reduction in unit cost is difficult because of the lack of data relating to production costs to different levels of thro ughput capacity for particular devulcanization technologies. For the size of operations considered in this analysis, labor costs are a substantial portion of the production costs. It is very difficult, however, to estimate the magnitude of any potential reductions in unit labor costs that might occur if processing capacities were increased substantially.All circumstances considered, any estimates of commercial production costs for devulcanization of waste tire rubber are highly speculative at best. The best estimate of the study team is that perhaps production costs could be reduced by 25 to 30 percent if processing capacities were increased by a factor of approximately 5 to 10. The estimates of processing costs developed in this study do not include the costs of pollution control. The chapter lists the types of emissions that could be expected.The difficulty of permitting such a process and the cost of compliance with environmental regulations may comprise a significant barrier to the implementation of this technology. Conceivably, pollution control costs could add 10 to 30 percent to the cost of devulcanization. The difficulty of permittingand the costwould be a function of the type of devulcanization technology, the processing evaluate, and other factors. In general, the expectation is that the cost of environmental control systems for chemical devulcanization systems would be greater than that for ultrasonic or mechanical processes.The composition of rubber and additives that are used in rubber compounds in the manufacture of vulcanized rubber can and do have a dramatic effect on the properties of materials manufactured from devulcanized rubber. Apparently, the inferior properties of some poorly (inadequately) devulcanized rubber can be compensated for by the addition of chemicals and the adjustment of operating conditions, among other remedies. In many cases in the literature, this situation is not addressed or discussed. Consequently, comparing devulcan ization technologies is difficult.From most of the literature descriptions of the processes, what happens to the sulfur and other vulcanization chemicals during the various processes is unclear. Chapter 3 Environmental Analysis Little information is available in the literature on the environmental effects associated with waste tire devulcanization technologies. The lack of information apparently exists because business developers and researchers have concentrated their efforts primarily on technology improvements and achieving satisfactory properties for devulcanized rubber, an estimation of emission rates and a detailed environmental analysis are therefore not possible.However, using data and information from some other types of tire manufacturing processes (for example, extrusion of rubber) and the characteristics of vehicle tires, a qualitative analysis was performed. The environmental analysis described subsequently is limited to chemical and ultrasonic devulcanization and assu mes that control of emissions would be required. 3. 1 Chemical technology Chemical devulcanization processes are usually batch processes that involve mixing crumb rubber with chemical reactants at a specific temperature and pressure.Once the design reaction time has elapsed, the contents are then rinsed, filtered, and dried to remove any remaining unwanted chemical components. The product can then be bagged or otherwise processed for resale. A block flow diagram of a generic chemical devulcanization process is illustrated in Figure G, showing the raw material feed is crumb rubber. The crumb rubber is mixed with one or more devulcanization agents. Chemical agents identified as devulcanization agents are listed in Table 8. During processing in the batch reactor, blue devils are dislodged that must be collected and treated before release to the ambient atmosphere.Typical types of vapors that might be emitted from a batch reactor are listed in Table 9. The chemicals that would be ve nted from the batch reactor are dependent on the characteristics of the waste tire feedstock and on the chemical agent(s) used in devulcanizing the crumb rubber. For example, if disulfides are used in the process, they could result in formation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or methyl or other mercaptans (RSH). If the chemical agent orthodichlorobenzene is used, chlorinated hydrocarbons could potentially be released in the form of spread emissions.Methyl iodide is volatile, and if used as a devulcanization agent, it could be vaporized. Since tire manufacturing utilizes zinc oxide and zinc carbonate, chemical devulcanization might also produce airborne metal particulates. Once the batch is fully processed, the reactor is vented. The vent gases are treated prior to release to the atmosphere. The vapors cannot be treated by vapor phase carbon because these chemicals will plate out and blind the carbon, making it ineffective. Instead, the vapor from the batch reactor needs to be thermally o xidized.At the high exit temperatures, typically as high as 2000F (1100C), the thermal oxidizer vent gases need to be cooled in a quench tower to approximately 300F (150C). Then, to remove any metals or other particulate, the vent gases are piped to a baghouse. Because of the high thermal oxidizer temperatures, methyl mercaptans (RSH) or hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from the crumb rubber is oxidized to sulfur dioxide (SO2). Therefore, downstream of the baghouse, a scrub brush is required to remove sulfur dioxide (SO2), as shown in Figure G.Scrubbed vent gases are then released to the atmosphere. In addition to the scrubber vent gases described above, liquid waste is generated from the scrubber. This liquid stream contains sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). This liquid waste can be disposed in receiving waters such as a river, stream, or bay. However, discharging to receiving waters will require a significant amount of treatment equipment and eventually a permit. As seen in Figure G, the devulcanize d rubber is moved from the batch reactor to a separator by a heated extruder.Liquid that drips off the devulcanized rubber is removed in the separator and eliminated by feeding it to the same thermal oxidizer as the vent gases from the batch reactor. After the liquid has dripped off the devulcanized rubber in the separator, any remaining moisture is removed in the dryer. Fired dryers are typically fueled by natural gas burners. Dryer vent gases are piped to the common thermal oxidizer. Based on the concentration of solids in the scrubber outgoing, processing the scrubber effluent through a filter press to dewater the solids may be necessary and cost-effective. Filter-pressed dewatered solids are called filter cake. Filter cake might require disposal in a uncivilized waste site. Even though the waste disposal site may accept the scrubber effluent water, the economics may favor installation and use of a filter press. This is necessary to dewater the solids due to the high cost of di sposal of liquid waste. Figure G. Block Flow Diagram of a Chemical Devulcanization System Solids H2O Batch Reactor Heated Extruder Separator Crumb Rubber Devulcanization Agent 300 F Liquids Devulcanized Rubber Dryer Natural Gas Vapors Thermal Oxidizer Quench Tower Baghouse Natural Gas Scrubber 2000 F 300 F H2O Air Emissions Air Emissions toAtmosphere outgoing pee Table 7. Tire Raw Materials Polymers Antiozonants Natural Rubber (polyisoprene) 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (polymer) Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) n,n-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-pphenylenediamine cis-Polybutadiene copolymer paraffinic wax Vulcanizing Agents Antioxidants Sulfur Alkylphenols Tetra-methyl thiurame sulfide Resorcinol Accelerators 2,6-Diterbutylhydroquinone Diphenylguanidine Retarders 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole n-Cyclohexylthiophthalimide n-Cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide Plasticizers 2-(n-Morpholinyl)-mercaptobenzothiazole Aliphatic oil Hexamethylenetetramine smelling(p) oilActivators Naphthenic oil Zinc oxide Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate Zinc carbonate Extenders Stearic acid Silica gel Carbon black Table 8. Chemical Agents Used in Chemical Tire Devulcanization Processes Triphenyl phosphine Sodium di-n-butyl phosphite Thiol-amine reagents (specifically propane-thiol/piperidine, dithiothreitol, and hexane-lthiol) Lithium aluminum hydride Phenyl lithium Methyl iodide Hydroxide with quaternary ammonium chloride as a catalyst Orthodichlorobenzene Diphenyldisulphide Diallyl disulfide Toluene, naphtha, benzene, and/or cyclohexane, etc. in the presence of sodium Diamly disulfideDibenzyl disulfide Diphenyl disulfide Bis(alkoxy aryl) disulfides Butyl mercaptan and thiopenols Xylene thiols Phenol sulfides and disulfides Alkyl phenol sulfides (for SBR) N,N-dialkyl aryl amine sulfides (for SBR in neutral or alkaline solutions) 3. 2 Ultrasonic technology Devulcanization by ultrasonic methods may be a continuous process (see Figure H). As the figure illustrates, crumb rubber is loaded into a hopper and is subsequently fed into an extruder. The extruder mechanically pushes and pulls the rubber. This mechanical action serves to heat the rubber particles and soften the rubber.As the softened rubber is transported through the extruder cavity, the rubber is exposed to ultrasonic energy. The resulting combination of ultrasonic energy, along with the heat, pressure, and mechanical mastication, is sufficient to achieve varying degrees of devulcanization. The exposure time to the ultrasonic energy is only seconds. Essentially all of the rubber entering the process is discharged from the extruder in a semi-solid product stream. Process losses would be primarily emissions of fine particulate or of gases, if any, resulting from the mechanical and thermal applications occurring during devulcanization.Since the typical operating temperature of an ultrasonic devulcanization reactor is about 230F (110C), less vapor emission would be expected than from chemical devulcanization. Further more, since no chemicals are added to break the sulfur bonds that caused vulcanization to occur, there would likely be lower air emissions. After exiting through the extruder die, the rubber is passed through a cooling bath and then dried. Vented vapors would need to be treated by one of two methods. One method would be to use a small thermal oxidizer.The design of the thermal oxidizer, baghouse, and scrubber would be similar to that described previously for chemical devulcanization. However, the physical size of the oxidizer would be smaller, and the baghouse and scrubber would be larger. A second method to treat the vent gases exiting the ultrasonic devulcanization reactor would be use of vapor phase carbon. In this method, due to the lower operating temperatures of the ultrasonic process, vent gas exiting the ultrasonic zone would have to be heated above the dew point temperature.If this elevation in temperature is not accomplished, the vent gases could condense on the surface of the carbon and thus blind the bed. In other words, adsorption sites on the surface of the carbon would be ineffective, and vent gases would exit the carbon bed untreated. If vapor phase carbon were to be used, the capital cost would be less than that of a thermal oxidizer. However, carbon is not very efficient. Weight loading can be approximately 10 weight percentin other words, adsorbing ten pounds of vent gas contaminants for every 100 pounds of carbon used. Use of carbon will have a relatively high operating cost.Also, the disposal of spent carbon can be very expensive. This is especially true if the spent carbon requires disposal at a hazardous waste disposal site. Even if the carbon is regenerated on-site, adsorption cleverness decreases after each regeneration. Typically, carbon can only be regenerated ten times. For illustration purposes, Figure H indicates the use of vapor phase carbon. Devulcanized rubber exiting the ultrasonic processing zone has to be cooled. A common m ethod of reducing the rubber temperature is a cooling bath. The volume of cooling water used would be significant. Cooling water may become ontaminated from the process this effluent water leaving the cooling bath has to be treated. If an air cooler such as fin fans is used in lieu of water in the cooling bath, the volume of effluent liquid would be reduced. Another alternative would be to use a closed-loop cooling system, where the cooling water is cooled and returned to the process for reuse. If there is a buildup of contaminants, a small subspecies could be taken off and treated in a POTW, greatly reducing the amount of effluent that would otherwise require treatment. Figure H. Block Flow Diagram of an Ultrasonic Devulcanization System UltrasonicProcessing Zone Cooling Bath Devulcanized Rubber Feed Hopper Extruder Crumb Rubber Cooling Water Supply Effluent Water Heater Air Emissions Baghouse Carbon Air Emissions to Atmosphere Table 9. authorisation Types of Chemical Compounds E mitted by Chemical and Ultrasonic Devulcanization Technologies Compound seeming Source Benzene Plasticizers smelling(p) oil Methylcyclohexane Plasticizers Na phthemic oil Toluene Plasticizers Aromatic oil Heptane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil 4-Vinylcyclohexene Polymers Natural Rubber (polyisoprene), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), cis- PolybutadieneEthylbenzene Plasticizers Aromatic oil Octane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil p-Xylene Plasticizers Aromatic oil Styrene Polymers styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) Nonane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil 1,4-Cyclohexadiene-1-isopropyl-4- methyl Polymers Natural Rubber (polyisoprene) Isopropylbenzene Plasticizers Aromatic oil Cyclohexene-1-methyl-3-(1- methylvinyl) Polymers Natural Rubber (polyisoprene) Propylbenzene Plasticizers Aromatic oil Benzaldehyde Polymers styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) 1-isopropyl-4-methylcyclohexane (trans) Plasticizers Naphthemic oil 1-isopropyl-4-methylcyclohexane cis) Plasticizers Naphthemic oil 1-isopropyl-3-methylcyclohex ane Plasticizers Naphthemic oil Decane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil Tri-isobutylene Polymers styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) & cis-Polybutadiene Plasticizers Naphthemic oil Cyclohexene-5-methyl-3-(1- methylvinyl) Polymers Natural Rubber (polyisoprene) Indane Plasticizers Naphthemic oil 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene Plasticizers Aromatic oil Cyclohexene-1-methyl-4-(1- methylvinyl) Polymers Natural Rubber (polyisoprene) 1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene Plasticizers Aromatic oil Dimethylstyrene Polymers styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)Undecane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil Tetramethylbenzene Plasticizers Aromatic oil 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Plasticizers Naphthemic oil 1,3-Di-isopropyl benzene Plasticizers Aromatic oil 1,4-Di-isopropyl benzene Plasticizers Aromatic oil Compound Probable Source 2-Isopropyl-6-methylphenol Antioxidents Alkylphenols Cyclohexylisothiocyanate Retarders n-Cyclohexyl-thiophthalimide Cyclododecatriene Polymers cis-Polybutadiene Dodecane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil Trideca ne Plasticizers Aliphatic oil Tetraisobutylene Polymers styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) & cis-Polybutadiene Plasticizers Naphthemic oil -ter-Butylstyrene Polymers styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) Dimethylpropylhexahydronaphthale ne Plasticizers Naphthemic oil Tetradecane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil Nonylbenzene Plasticizers Aromatic oil 2,6-Di-ter-butyl-p-quinone Antioxidents 2,6-Diterbutyl-hydroquinone Pentadecane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil 1,6-dimethyl-4-isopropyl-1,2,3,4- tetra-hydronaphthalene Plasticizers Naphthemic oil Decylbenzene Plasticizers Aromatic oil Di-ter-butylthiophene Plasticizers Aromatic oil Diethyl phthalate Plasticizers Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate Hexadecane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil ,2-Di-tolylethane Polymers styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) Heptadecane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil 2,6-Di-ter-butyl-4-ethylphenol Antioxidents Alkylphenols Octadecane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil 1-Phenylnaphthalene Plasticizers Aromatic oil Di-iso-butyl phthalate Plasticizers Di-(2-ethylh exyl)-phthalate Tridecylbenzene Plasticizers Aromatic oil Dibutyl phthalate Plasticizers Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate Eicosane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil Heneicosane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil Docosane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Plasticizers Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate Chapter 4 ConclusionsDevulcanization of specific types of rubber and/or waste tire rubber has a long history. However, only recently have limited technical data been reported in the available literature. Usually when reported, the tested properties of devulcanized rubber compose an incomplete list. This is especially true in the interpretation of how the devulcanized product would perform during compounding, in the manufactured end product, or both. Circumstantial and anecdotal evidence indicates significant technical and economic barriers to devulcanization of waste rubber.Based on the information collected in the study, is believed that the only method of achieving bulk devulcanization, a s opposed to surface devulcanization, rests with ultrasonic or microwave devulcanization methods. Of these two methods of energy application, ultrasound appears to have substantially more research and development history. An important observation is that microwave technology is not an effective or efficient way to devulcanize non-polar rubber types, which collectively compose the vast majority of the mass of rubber in waste rubbers.Because of the ability to internally devulcanize cured rubber, ultrasonically devulcanized waste tire rubber may have more desirable marketing characteristics than those of surface-devulcanizing processes under similar conditions of cost and yield. The latter processes (surface devulcanizing) include mechanical, chemical, and biological processes. However, test data and applications for ultrasonically devulcanized waste rubber are lacking in the industry, along with process cost documentation.The devulcanized rubber market is most fully developed for sing le product materials made from manufacturing scrap that are reclaimed for reuse in the same process or in a broader specification application. The reprocessing of single rubbers depends upon being located near a large-volume rubber products company with enough scrap and enough rubber applications to justify the devulcanization step. Devulcanization of waste rubber, disdain considerable research and developmental effort, is still in an early growth stage.Devulcanization lacks adequate test data and data interpretation, and it has poorly defined end product specifications without adequately justified and defined applications and uses. Research notes appear to be most available for poring over devulcanization of single rubber types, as opposed to studying rubber types with complex mixtur. In applications already using crumb rubber, devulcanized rubber can have advantages if the process combines a vulcanized rubber or other compatible material to create an integrated structure. The s tructure must have much better properties than those imparted by the filler role that crumb rubber frequently serves.